The revision of the origins science of fiqh model: Ibn Rushd’s book Aldarory, 2023
By: Mohammed Ibrahim Alkaltham
Title The revision of the origins science of fiqh model: Ibn Rushd’s book Aldarory
Type Article
Language English
Date 2023
Journal ournal of Umm Al-Qura University for Sharia'h Sciences and Islamic Studies
Issue 93
Pages 133-159
Categories Law
Author(s) Mohammed Ibrahim Alkaltham
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
This research project wants to discuss two subjects. The first will be an initiation about the topics that Ibn Rushd could purify from the science of jurisprudence. In the second, we will study the suitability of revising the science of jurisprudence based on the issues referred by Ibn Rushd. This research was conducted using the method of induction and analysis, and it was prefaced with a statement of what is meant by revising the principles of jurisprudence and the efforts of the fundamentalists in it, with a translation for Ibn Rushd. The research has been divided into two sections. In the first, we explained Ibn Rushd's approach to the revision of the principles of jurisprudence. In the second topic, we make an extrapolation of the places in which Ibn Rushd revised the principles and studied them by editing Ibn Rushd's opinion first and then inducing the opinions of the fundamentalists with the report including reasoning for each opinion. The positions that were induced were organized into five topics according to their types, namely: verbal issues, logical issues, linguistic issues, jurisprudential branches, and issues that do not bear benefit. Then, I make a conclusion in which the results and recommendations were presented.

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Religious Assent and Philosophy in Averroes’ Fasl al-maqal, 2023
By: Arthur Klik
Title Religious Assent and Philosophy in Averroes’ Fasl al-maqal
Type Article
Language English
Date 2023
Journal DoisPontos
Volume 18
Issue 1-EV
Categories Relation between Philosophy and Theology, Law
Author(s) Arthur Klik
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
An original work of Averroes, the Fasl al-maqal is remarkable for its controversial character. Composed as a juridical statement, one of its main goals is to analyze the role of philosophy in the Islamic Law by investigating which attitude must be adopted by those aware of the works of the Greek antiquity. Facing a problematic scenario, in which the legitimacy of philosophy is challenged, the diagnosis and solution proposed by Averroes emphasizes a unique interpretation of the Law guided by Philosophy, devised as a required element to achieve community welfare. This article intends to analyze that interpretation, in which three points concerning the relationship between philosophy and revelation arise: (1) the assurance of the individual possibility of religious assent; (2) the maintenance of common welfare, associated to (3) the possibility of asserting the legitimacy of an interpreter who is able to assure the correct assent to common believers.

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Averroes’ Decisive Treatise (Fasl al-maqal,) and Exposition (Kashf) as Dialectical Works, 2023
By: Peter Adamson
Title Averroes’ Decisive Treatise (Fasl al-maqal,) and Exposition (Kashf) as Dialectical Works
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Contextualizing Premodern Philosophy: Explorations of the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin Traditions
Pages 326-340
Categories Dialectic, Law, Relation between Philosophy and Theology
Author(s) Peter Adamson
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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The contributions connect thinkers from antiquity through the Middle Ages and include philosophers from the three major monotheistic faiths\u2014Judaism, Islam, and Christianity.\r\n\r\nBy emphasizing premodern philosophy\u2019s shared textual roots in antiquity, particularly the writings of Plato and Aristotle, the volume highlights points of cross-pollination between different schools, cultures, and moments in premodern thought. Approaching the complex history of the premodern world in an accessible way, the editors organize the volume so as to underscore the difficulties the premodern period poses for scholars, while accentuating the fascinating interplay between the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin philosophical traditions. The contributors cover many topics ranging from the aims of Aristotle\u2019s cosmos, the adoption of Aristotle\u2019s Organon by al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b, and the origins of the Plotiniana Arabica to the role of Ibn Gabirol\u2019s Fons vitae in the Latin West, the ways in which Islamic philosophy shaped thirteenth-century Latin conceptions of light, Roger Bacon\u2019s adaptation of Avicenna for use in his moral philosophy, and beyond. The volume\u2019s focus on \"source-based contextualism\" demonstrates an appreciation for the rich diversity of thought found in the premodern period, while revealing methodological challenges raised by the historical study of premodern philosophy.","republication_of":0,"online_url":"","online_resources":null,"translation_of":"0","new_edition_of":"0","is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":"","doi_url":"","book":{"id":5606,"pubplace":"New York","publisher":"Routledge ","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"persons":[{"id":6507,"entry_id":5606,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1684,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Katja Krause","free_first_name":"Katja ","free_last_name":"Krause","norm_person":{"id":1684,"first_name":"Katja","last_name":"Krause","full_name":"Katja Krause","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1077759428","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null}},{"id":6508,"entry_id":5606,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1727,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Luis Xavier L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","free_first_name":"Luis Xavier","free_last_name":" L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","norm_person":{"id":1727,"first_name":"Luis Xavier","last_name":"L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","full_name":"Luis Xavier L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/103191773X","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null}}]}},"article":null},"sort":[2023]}

The Role of Consensus in Legal Hermeneutics: A Chapter from the Qanṭarat al-wuṣūl ilā ʿilm al-uṣūl of al-Muʾayyadī (d. c. 1044/1634), 2023
By: Robert Gleave, Kumail Rajani
Title The Role of Consensus in Legal Hermeneutics: A Chapter from the Qanṭarat al-wuṣūl ilā ʿilm al-uṣūl of al-Muʾayyadī (d. c. 1044/1634)
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Shiʿite Legal Theory: Sources and Commentaries
Pages 191-237
Categories Law
Author(s) Robert Gleave , Kumail Rajani
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Shiʿite Legal Theory: Sources and Commentaries, 2023
By: Kumail Rajani (Ed.), Robert Gleave (Ed.)
Title Shiʿite Legal Theory: Sources and Commentaries
Type Edited Book
Language English
Date 2023
Publication Place Edinburgh
Publisher Edinburgh University Press
Categories Law, Surveys
Author(s) Kumail Rajani , Robert Gleave
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Animosity against those "drowned in debt" : an analysis of legal texts in the Marīnid period, 2022
By: Tomoaki Shinoda
Title Animosity against those "drowned in debt" : an analysis of legal texts in the Marīnid period
Type Article
Language English
Date 2022
Journal Hespéris-Tamuda
Volume 57
Issue 1
Pages 301-323
Categories Law, Law
Author(s) Tomoaki Shinoda
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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An Indecisive Truth: Divine Law and Philosophy in the Decisive Treatise and Commentary on Plato’s “Republic”, 2022
By: Karen Taliaferro
Title An Indecisive Truth: Divine Law and Philosophy in the Decisive Treatise and Commentary on Plato’s “Republic”
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2022
Published in Plato's Republic in the Islamic Context. New Perspectives on Averroes's Commentary
Pages 182–200
Categories Theology, Relation between Philosophy and Theology, Law
Author(s) Karen Taliaferro
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
“Of what use,” Ralph Lerner asks in his introduction to Averroes's Commentary on Plato's “Republic,” “is this pagan closet philosophy to men who already hold what they believe to be the inestimable gift of a divinely revealed Law, a sharīʿa?” In other words, once one has God's direct revelation concerning how to live, does one need philosophy? The answer to this question matters both for the standing of falsafa (Hellenistic philosophy) in Islamic intellectual history as well as for ongoing disputes in Islamic societies concerning the respective roles of sharīʿa and human wisdom. Does divinely revealed Law, sharīʿa, yield the same knowledge as philosophy, or ḥikma (literally “wisdom”), to use Averroes's terms in the Decisive Treatise? Or is there something necessary in each that the other cannot supply? This question conceals something of a dilemma. If the first formulation is correct, one or the other of sharīʿa or ḥikma would seem to be redundant—a charge Averroes himself addresses in the Commentary on Plato's “Republic,” as I discuss below. If, on the other hand, philosophy is needed in addition to sharīʿa, this can call into question the sufficiency of revelation. This returns us to Lerner's question above, for if the sharīʿa represents the fullness of divine revelation, to claim that it needs the merely human ḥikma may be blasphemous. This essay addresses the relationship between sharīʿa and human wisdom through a reading of Averroes's Decisive Treatise and his Commentary on Plato's “Republic.” I attempt to show that Averroes's firm reliance on teleology in the Commentary complements what would otherwise appear to be the primacy of sharīʿa in the Decisive Treatise. Together, I argue, these two texts paint a clearer picture of the interdependence of ḥikma and sharīʿa than either would alone suggest. Traditional interpretations of the two works suggest dramatically different messages of Averroes concerning the respective standings of sharīʿa and ḥikma. Ralph Lerner and E. I. J. Rosenthal, each a translator of Averroes's Commentary on Plato's “Republic” (hereafter Commentary), disagreed rather sharply on the status of human wisdom vis-à-vis sharīʿa in Averroes's thought. To Rosenthal, in both the Decisive Treatise and the Commentary, Averroes “establishes in unequivocal terms the supreme authority of the Sharīʿa.”

{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5354","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5354,"authors_free":[{"id":6205,"entry_id":5354,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1741,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Karen Taliaferro","free_first_name":"Karen","free_last_name":"Taliaferro","norm_person":{"id":1741,"first_name":"Karen","last_name":"Taliaferro","full_name":"Karen Taliaferro","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1021039934","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null,"link":"bib?authors[]=Karen Taliaferro"}}],"entry_title":"An Indecisive Truth: Divine Law and Philosophy in the Decisive Treatise and Commentary on Plato\u2019s \u201cRepublic\u201d","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"An Indecisive Truth: Divine Law and Philosophy in the Decisive Treatise and Commentary on Plato\u2019s \u201cRepublic\u201d"},"abstract":"\u201cOf what use,\u201d Ralph Lerner asks in his introduction to Averroes's Commentary on Plato's \u201cRepublic,\u201d \u201cis this pagan closet philosophy to men who already hold what they believe to be the inestimable gift of a divinely revealed Law, a shar\u012b\u02bfa?\u201d In other words, once one has God's direct revelation concerning how to live, does one need philosophy? The answer to this question matters both for the standing of falsafa (Hellenistic philosophy) in Islamic intellectual history as well as for ongoing disputes in Islamic societies concerning the respective roles of shar\u012b\u02bfa and human wisdom. Does divinely revealed Law, shar\u012b\u02bfa, yield the same knowledge as philosophy, or \u1e25ikma (literally \u201cwisdom\u201d), to use Averroes's terms in the Decisive Treatise? Or is there something necessary in each that the other cannot supply? This question conceals something of a dilemma. If the first formulation is correct, one or the other of shar\u012b\u02bfa or \u1e25ikma would seem to be redundant\u2014a charge Averroes himself addresses in the Commentary on Plato's \u201cRepublic,\u201d as I discuss below. If, on the other hand, philosophy is needed in addition to shar\u012b\u02bfa, this can call into question the sufficiency of revelation. This returns us to Lerner's question above, for if the shar\u012b\u02bfa represents the fullness of divine revelation, to claim that it needs the merely human \u1e25ikma may be blasphemous. This essay addresses the relationship between shar\u012b\u02bfa and human wisdom through a reading of Averroes's Decisive Treatise and his Commentary on Plato's \u201cRepublic.\u201d I attempt to show that Averroes's firm reliance on teleology in the Commentary complements what would otherwise appear to be the primacy of shar\u012b\u02bfa in the Decisive Treatise. Together, I argue, these two texts paint a clearer picture of the interdependence of \u1e25ikma and shar\u012b\u02bfa than either would alone suggest.\r\n\r\nTraditional interpretations of the two works suggest dramatically different messages of Averroes concerning the respective standings of shar\u012b\u02bfa and \u1e25ikma. Ralph Lerner and E. I. J. Rosenthal, each a translator of Averroes's Commentary on Plato's \u201cRepublic\u201d (hereafter Commentary), disagreed rather sharply on the status of human wisdom vis-\u00e0-vis shar\u012b\u02bfa in Averroes's thought. To Rosenthal, in both the Decisive Treatise and the Commentary, Averroes \u201cestablishes in unequivocal terms the supreme authority of the Shar\u012b\u02bfa.\u201d","btype":2,"date":"2022","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781800104983.009","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":39,"category_name":"Theology","link":"bib?categories[]=Theology"},{"id":47,"category_name":"Relation between Philosophy and Theology","link":"bib?categories[]=Relation between Philosophy and Theology"},{"id":26,"category_name":"Law","link":"bib?categories[]=Law"}],"authors":[{"id":1741,"full_name":"Karen Taliaferro","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":{"id":5354,"section_of":5346,"pages":"182\u2013200","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":5346,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":"bibliography","type":4,"language":"en","title":"Plato's Republic in the Islamic Context. New Perspectives on Averroes's Commentary","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","short_title":"","has_no_author":null,"volume":null,"date":"2022","edition_no":null,"free_date":null,"abstract":"","republication_of":0,"online_url":"","online_resources":null,"translation_of":"0","new_edition_of":"0","is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781800104983","book":{"id":5346,"pubplace":"","publisher":" Boydell & Brewer","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"persons":[{"id":6196,"entry_id":5346,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":2,"role_name":"editor"},"free_name":" Alexander Orwin","free_first_name":" Alexander","free_last_name":" Orwin","norm_person":null}]}},"article":null},"sort":[2022]}

Averroes on Family and Property in the Commentary on Plato’s “Republic”, 2022
By: Catarina Belo
Title Averroes on Family and Property in the Commentary on Plato’s “Republic”
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2022
Published in Plato's Republic in the Islamic Context. New Perspectives on Averroes's Commentary
Pages 113–132
Categories Law, al-Fārābī, Influence
Author(s) Catarina Belo
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
In this chapter, I will focus on Averroes's position on family and property in his Commentary on Plato's “Republic.” I will lay out his views on the role of parents in the education of children, and the place of women and children within the family and in society. I will examine Averroes's stance on private and collective property, as well as his questions pertaining to the transmission of property. Averroes's primary goal in this commentary is arguably to elucidate Plato's analysis of the structure of the ideal political state, given that, by his own admission, he could not find an Arabic translation of Aristotle's Politics. A distinction can in principle be made between Plato's views as expounded by Averroes, and the latter's own views on a given subject. Averroes’ positions can be discerned in the way he introduces personal comments and references to contemporary al-Andalus. In order to discern Averroes's positions and to discover whether he concurs with Plato on issues such as the question of education and the status of women and property, comparisons will be drawn with his main legal work, Bidāyat al-Mujtahid wa-Nihāyat al-Muqtaṣid, so as to uncover his position on such legal matters as family law and property law. It seems that Averroes would have preferred to write a commentary on Aristotle's Politics, since Aristotle's views are closer to his own. In spite of the fact that he is writing on a philosopher with whom he has fewer affinities, he succeeds in presenting many of his own views in this commentary on Plato. This is perhaps owing to the fact that Averroes often quotes Alfarabi, who greatly admired Plato's philosophy and held it to be in harmony with Aristotle’s. Thus Alfarabi, who is a great source of inspiration for Averroes, constitutes in this instance a strong link between Averroes and Plato. Averroes draws on Plato and appears to agree with him in many respects. Writing on Plato's work also allows him to expound some of his own views on issues such as virtue, education, the political state, and religion. In the Commentary on Plato's “Republic” there are echoes of works by Alfarabi, in particular The Attainment of Happiness.

{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5351","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5351,"authors_free":[{"id":6201,"entry_id":5351,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1254,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Catarina Belo","free_first_name":"Catarina","free_last_name":"Belo","norm_person":{"id":1254,"first_name":"Catarina","last_name":"Belo","full_name":"Catarina Belo","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/132895374","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Catarina Belo"}}],"entry_title":"Averroes on Family and Property in the Commentary on Plato\u2019s \u201cRepublic\u201d","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Averroes on Family and Property in the Commentary on Plato\u2019s \u201cRepublic\u201d"},"abstract":"In this chapter, I will focus on Averroes's position on family and property in his Commentary on Plato's \u201cRepublic.\u201d I will lay out his views on the role of parents in the education of children, and the place of women and children within the family and in society. I will examine Averroes's stance on private and collective property, as well as his questions pertaining to the transmission of property.\r\n\r\nAverroes's primary goal in this commentary is arguably to elucidate Plato's analysis of the structure of the ideal political state, given that, by his own admission, he could not find an Arabic translation of Aristotle's Politics. A distinction can in principle be made between Plato's views as expounded by Averroes, and the latter's own views on a given subject. Averroes\u2019 positions can be discerned in the way he introduces personal comments and references to contemporary al-Andalus. In order to discern Averroes's positions and to discover whether he concurs with Plato on issues such as the question of education and the status of women and property, comparisons will be drawn with his main legal work, Bid\u0101yat al-Mujtahid wa-Nih\u0101yat al-Muqta\u1e63id, so as to uncover his position on such legal matters as family law and property law.\r\n\r\nIt seems that Averroes would have preferred to write a commentary on Aristotle's Politics, since Aristotle's views are closer to his own. In spite of the fact that he is writing on a philosopher with whom he has fewer affinities, he succeeds in presenting many of his own views in this commentary on Plato. This is perhaps owing to the fact that Averroes often quotes Alfarabi, who greatly admired Plato's philosophy and held it to be in harmony with Aristotle\u2019s. Thus Alfarabi, who is a great source of inspiration for Averroes, constitutes in this instance a strong link between Averroes and Plato. Averroes draws on Plato and appears to agree with him in many respects. Writing on Plato's work also allows him to expound some of his own views on issues such as virtue, education, the political state, and religion. In the Commentary on Plato's \u201cRepublic\u201d there are echoes of works by Alfarabi, in particular The Attainment of Happiness.","btype":2,"date":"2022","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781800104983.006","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":26,"category_name":"Law","link":"bib?categories[]=Law"},{"id":28,"category_name":"al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b","link":"bib?categories[]=al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b"},{"id":24,"category_name":"Influence","link":"bib?categories[]=Influence"}],"authors":[{"id":1254,"full_name":"Catarina Belo","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":{"id":5351,"section_of":5346,"pages":"113\u2013132","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":5346,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":"bibliography","type":4,"language":"en","title":"Plato's Republic in the Islamic Context. New Perspectives on Averroes's Commentary","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","short_title":"","has_no_author":null,"volume":null,"date":"2022","edition_no":null,"free_date":null,"abstract":"","republication_of":0,"online_url":"","online_resources":null,"translation_of":"0","new_edition_of":"0","is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781800104983","book":{"id":5346,"pubplace":"","publisher":" Boydell & Brewer","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"persons":[{"id":6196,"entry_id":5346,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":2,"role_name":"editor"},"free_name":" Alexander Orwin","free_first_name":" Alexander","free_last_name":" Orwin","norm_person":null}]}},"article":null},"sort":[2022]}

The Sharīʿa of the Republic: Islamic Law and Philosophy in Averroes’s Commentary on Plato’s “Republic”, 2022
By: Rasoul Namazi
Title The Sharīʿa of the Republic: Islamic Law and Philosophy in Averroes’s Commentary on Plato’s “Republic”
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2022
Published in Plato's Republic in the Islamic Context. New Perspectives on Averroes's Commentary
Pages 160–181
Categories Law, Theology, Relation between Philosophy and Theology
Author(s) Rasoul Namazi
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Averroes is one of the few Muslim philosophers whose work has had a considerable impact on European thought; the phenomenon of Averroism has been a part of the common European intellectual heritage for several centuries. One of the most enduring and widely held views, or rather myths, about Averroes for centuries has been that he was a fierce enemy of religion. This view was partly rejected by Ernest Renan's classic nineteenth-century study, in which he critiqued what he called “la legende d’Averroes.” Although a spirited follower of the Enlightenment's cult of science and battle against superstition, and despite his admiration for Averroes as a figure who tried to keep the spirit of reason alive during religious ages, Renan remained unconvinced by the charges leveled against the Arab philosopher. He tried to show how much this view of Averroes was a construction of the European mind in its own battles over heterodoxy and free thought. Renan did not, however, settle for a narrative about the intellectual history of European Averroism, but went beyond this, depicting Averroes's rationalism and Islamic beliefs as two separate, independent spheres that tend not to conflict with each other. That is to say, Averroes could have been a good Muslim as well as a good philosopher. The historicist presuppositions of Renan's thought, however—presuppositions according to which every system of thought is a product of its own time—made his perspective on Averroes incoherent and open to future revisions. Leon Gauthier, although critical of Renan, also tried to circumvent the question of the relationship between Islam and philosophy in Averroes's work. He did this by depicting Islam as a religion without substantial doctrinal content, thereby making possible its compatibility with Greek philosophy. Gauthier therefore claimed that Averroes's thought could be seen as “un rationalisme sans reserve [an unqualified rationalism]” without necessarily rendering Averroes an unbeliever. Scholars like A. F. Mehren, Max Horten, and Asìn Palacio avoided such unsatisfactory solutions by wholeheartedly embracing the view that, in the end, Islamic philosophy is more Islamic than philosophic. They argued that the Islamic philosophy of the falāsifa is an outgrowth of Islamic beliefs expressed in the language of Greek philosophy, and fully in the service of Muslim revelation; therefore, according to these scholars, there is no real conflict between Averroes's philosophy and the tenets of Islam.

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Ibn Rushd in the Hanbali tradition: Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Quyyim al-Jawziyya and the continuity of philosophy in Muslim contexts, 2021
By: Fouad Ben Ahmed
Title Ibn Rushd in the Hanbali tradition: Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Quyyim al-Jawziyya and the continuity of philosophy in Muslim contexts
Type Article
Language English
Date 2021
Journal The Muslim World
Volume 109
Issue 4
Pages 561-581
Categories Law, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Fouad Ben Ahmed
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
This article was presented at the conference “Philosophical Perspectives on Scriptural Exegesis in Judaism, Christianity and Islam” held at Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, April 5 and 6, 2018, organized by Luis Xavier López-Farjeat. I would like to thank him warmly for his generous invitation, Louise Agasse for her corrections of my English text, and Richard Taylor for his comments and suggestions. Finally, I thank Yahya Michot for agreeing to publish this text in The Muslim world. Unless otherweise noted, all translations from Arabic are my own.

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Irrtum - Error - Erreur, 2018
By: Andreas Speer (Ed.), Maxime Mauriège (Ed.)
Title Irrtum - Error - Erreur
Type Edited Book
Language undefined
Date 2018
Publication Place Berlin; Boston
Publisher De Gruyter
Series Miscellanea Mediaevalia
Volume 40
Categories Science, Medicine, Psychology, Politics, Law
Author(s) Andreas Speer , Maxime Mauriège
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The volume is a comprehensive evaluation of epistemic, practical, veridical issues from the perspective of every kind of failure, disruption, or confusion that comes under the general rubric of “error.” The analysis is not limited to the element of negativity, but rather, an inquiry about the extent that error can be transformed into a starting point or precondition for successful epistemic practices.

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"For Truth Does Not Oppose Truth". The Agreement of Divine Law and Philosophy in Averroës' The Book of the Decisive Treatise (Kitab Fasl al-Maqal), 2010
By: Terence J. Kleven
Title "For Truth Does Not Oppose Truth". The Agreement of Divine Law and Philosophy in Averroës' The Book of the Decisive Treatise (Kitab Fasl al-Maqal)
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2010
Published in Political Islam from Muhammad to Ahmadinejad. Defenders, Detractors, and Definitions
Pages 225–236
Categories Theology, Law
Author(s) Terence J. Kleven
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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"‫القياس المصلحي عند ابن رشد الحفيد وأثره في تعليل الخلاف الفقهي من خلال كتابه "بداية المجتهد ونهاية المقتصد, 2021
By: ʻAbd Alhalīm Alqabī
Title "‫القياس المصلحي عند ابن رشد الحفيد وأثره في تعليل الخلاف الفقهي من خلال كتابه "بداية المجتهد ونهاية المقتصد
Transcription al-qiyās al-maṣlaḥy ʻnd Ibn Rushd al-ḥafyd wa āthrh fy taʻlīl al-khilāf al-fiqhy min khilāl kitābh "bidāya al-mujtihad wa bihāya al-muqtaṣid"
Translation The governmental measure in Ibn Rushd, the grandson, and his impact in the reasoning of legal controversy in his book "bidāya al-mujtihad wa bihāya al-muqtaṣid"
Type Monograph
Language Arabic
Date 2021
Publication Place Fès
Publisher Al-muwalaf
Categories Law, Logic
Author(s) ʻAbd Alhalīm Alqabī
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5383","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5383,"authors_free":[{"id":6235,"entry_id":5383,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":903,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"\u02bbAbd Alhal\u012bm Alqab\u012b","free_first_name":"\u02bbAbd Alhal\u012bm ","free_last_name":"Alqab\u012b","norm_person":{"id":903,"first_name":"","last_name":"","full_name":"","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]="}}],"entry_title":"\"\u202b\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \"\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0635\u062f","title_transcript":"al-qiy\u0101s al-ma\u1e63la\u1e25y \u02bbnd Ibn Rushd al-\u1e25afyd wa \u0101thrh fy ta\u02bbl\u012bl al-khil\u0101f al-fiqhy min khil\u0101l kit\u0101bh \"bid\u0101ya al-mujtihad wa bih\u0101ya al-muqta\u1e63id\"","title_translation":"The governmental measure in Ibn Rushd, the grandson, and his impact in the reasoning of legal controversy in his book \"bid\u0101ya al-mujtihad wa bih\u0101ya al-muqta\u1e63id\"","main_title":{"title":"\"\u202b\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \"\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0635\u062f"},"abstract":"","btype":1,"date":"2021","language":"Arabic","online_url":"","doi_url":"","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":26,"category_name":"Law","link":"bib?categories[]=Law"},{"id":27,"category_name":"Logic","link":"bib?categories[]=Logic"}],"authors":[{"id":903,"full_name":"","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":{"id":5383,"pubplace":"F\u00e8s","publisher":"Al-muwalaf","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"booksection":null,"article":null},"sort":["\"\u202b\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \"\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0635\u062f"]}

A Muslim Perspective on Philosophy and Religion: The ‘Decisive Treatise’ of Averroes, 2007
By: Thérèse Bonin
Title A Muslim Perspective on Philosophy and Religion: The ‘Decisive Treatise’ of Averroes
Type Article
Language English
Date 2007
Journal Peripatetikos
Volume 6
Pages 1-25
Categories Relation between Philosophy and Theology, Law, Theology
Author(s) Thérèse Bonin
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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A Theory of Judgment in Averroes, 2021
By: Rayyan Dabbous
Title A Theory of Judgment in Averroes
Type Article
Language English
Date 2021
Journal Arab Studies Quarterly
Volume 43
Issue No. 3 (Summer 2021)
Pages 268–281
Categories Linguistics, Politics, Rhetoric, Law, Psychology
Author(s) Rayyan Dabbous
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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An Indecisive Truth: Divine Law and Philosophy in the Decisive Treatise and Commentary on Plato’s “Republic”, 2022
By: Karen Taliaferro
Title An Indecisive Truth: Divine Law and Philosophy in the Decisive Treatise and Commentary on Plato’s “Republic”
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2022
Published in Plato's Republic in the Islamic Context. New Perspectives on Averroes's Commentary
Pages 182–200
Categories Theology, Relation between Philosophy and Theology, Law
Author(s) Karen Taliaferro
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
“Of what use,” Ralph Lerner asks in his introduction to Averroes's Commentary on Plato's “Republic,” “is this pagan closet philosophy to men who already hold what they believe to be the inestimable gift of a divinely revealed Law, a sharīʿa?” In other words, once one has God's direct revelation concerning how to live, does one need philosophy? The answer to this question matters both for the standing of falsafa (Hellenistic philosophy) in Islamic intellectual history as well as for ongoing disputes in Islamic societies concerning the respective roles of sharīʿa and human wisdom. Does divinely revealed Law, sharīʿa, yield the same knowledge as philosophy, or ḥikma (literally “wisdom”), to use Averroes's terms in the Decisive Treatise? Or is there something necessary in each that the other cannot supply? This question conceals something of a dilemma. If the first formulation is correct, one or the other of sharīʿa or ḥikma would seem to be redundant—a charge Averroes himself addresses in the Commentary on Plato's “Republic,” as I discuss below. If, on the other hand, philosophy is needed in addition to sharīʿa, this can call into question the sufficiency of revelation. This returns us to Lerner's question above, for if the sharīʿa represents the fullness of divine revelation, to claim that it needs the merely human ḥikma may be blasphemous. This essay addresses the relationship between sharīʿa and human wisdom through a reading of Averroes's Decisive Treatise and his Commentary on Plato's “Republic.” I attempt to show that Averroes's firm reliance on teleology in the Commentary complements what would otherwise appear to be the primacy of sharīʿa in the Decisive Treatise. Together, I argue, these two texts paint a clearer picture of the interdependence of ḥikma and sharīʿa than either would alone suggest. Traditional interpretations of the two works suggest dramatically different messages of Averroes concerning the respective standings of sharīʿa and ḥikma. Ralph Lerner and E. I. J. Rosenthal, each a translator of Averroes's Commentary on Plato's “Republic” (hereafter Commentary), disagreed rather sharply on the status of human wisdom vis-à-vis sharīʿa in Averroes's thought. To Rosenthal, in both the Decisive Treatise and the Commentary, Averroes “establishes in unequivocal terms the supreme authority of the Sharīʿa.”

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The answer to this question matters both for the standing of falsafa (Hellenistic philosophy) in Islamic intellectual history as well as for ongoing disputes in Islamic societies concerning the respective roles of shar\u012b\u02bfa and human wisdom. Does divinely revealed Law, shar\u012b\u02bfa, yield the same knowledge as philosophy, or \u1e25ikma (literally \u201cwisdom\u201d), to use Averroes's terms in the Decisive Treatise? Or is there something necessary in each that the other cannot supply? This question conceals something of a dilemma. If the first formulation is correct, one or the other of shar\u012b\u02bfa or \u1e25ikma would seem to be redundant\u2014a charge Averroes himself addresses in the Commentary on Plato's \u201cRepublic,\u201d as I discuss below. If, on the other hand, philosophy is needed in addition to shar\u012b\u02bfa, this can call into question the sufficiency of revelation. This returns us to Lerner's question above, for if the shar\u012b\u02bfa represents the fullness of divine revelation, to claim that it needs the merely human \u1e25ikma may be blasphemous. This essay addresses the relationship between shar\u012b\u02bfa and human wisdom through a reading of Averroes's Decisive Treatise and his Commentary on Plato's \u201cRepublic.\u201d I attempt to show that Averroes's firm reliance on teleology in the Commentary complements what would otherwise appear to be the primacy of shar\u012b\u02bfa in the Decisive Treatise. Together, I argue, these two texts paint a clearer picture of the interdependence of \u1e25ikma and shar\u012b\u02bfa than either would alone suggest.\r\n\r\nTraditional interpretations of the two works suggest dramatically different messages of Averroes concerning the respective standings of shar\u012b\u02bfa and \u1e25ikma. Ralph Lerner and E. I. J. Rosenthal, each a translator of Averroes's Commentary on Plato's \u201cRepublic\u201d (hereafter Commentary), disagreed rather sharply on the status of human wisdom vis-\u00e0-vis shar\u012b\u02bfa in Averroes's thought. 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New Perspectives on Averroes's Commentary","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","short_title":"","has_no_author":null,"volume":null,"date":"2022","edition_no":null,"free_date":null,"abstract":"","republication_of":0,"online_url":"","online_resources":null,"translation_of":"0","new_edition_of":"0","is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781800104983","book":{"id":5346,"pubplace":"","publisher":" Boydell & Brewer","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"persons":[{"id":6196,"entry_id":5346,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":2,"role_name":"editor"},"free_name":" Alexander Orwin","free_first_name":" Alexander","free_last_name":" Orwin","norm_person":null}]}},"article":null},"sort":["An Indecisive Truth: Divine Law and Philosophy in the Decisive Treatise and Commentary on Plato\u2019s \u201cRepublic\u201d"]}

Animosity against those "drowned in debt" : an analysis of legal texts in the Marīnid period, 2022
By: Tomoaki Shinoda
Title Animosity against those "drowned in debt" : an analysis of legal texts in the Marīnid period
Type Article
Language English
Date 2022
Journal Hespéris-Tamuda
Volume 57
Issue 1
Pages 301-323
Categories Law, Law
Author(s) Tomoaki Shinoda
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Assentimento religioso e Filosofia no Fasl al-maqal de Averróis, 2021
By: Arthur Klik
Title Assentimento religioso e Filosofia no Fasl al-maqal de Averróis
Translation Religious assent and Philosophy in Averroes’ Fasl al-maqal
Type Article
Language Portuguese
Date 2021
Journal DoisPontos
Volume 18
Issue 1
Pages 113-132
Categories Law, Theology, Relation between Philosophy and Theology
Author(s) Arthur Klik
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
O Fasl al-maqal, umas das obras originais de Averróis, se destaca por seu caráter polêmico. Sendo redigida como um pronunciamento jurídico, tem como um de seus objetivos principais analisar o estatuto da filosofia em face da Lei islâmica, ao verificar qual é a atitude que deve ser adotada por todo aquele que travar contato com as obras da antiguidade grega. Em um cenário em que a legitimidade da filosofia se coloca em questão, o diagnóstico e a solução propostos por Averróis se destacam ao apresentar uma interpretação singular da Lei ante a filosofia, concebendo a segunda como um elemento necessário para a saúde da comunidade. Este artigo pretende analisar essa interpretação, na qual três pontos se colocam na consideração da relação entre filosofia e revelação: o (1) asseguramento da possibilidade do assentimento religioso individual e (2) da manutenção do bem-estar geral junto à (3) possibilidade de se afirmar a legitimidade de um intérprete que garanta o assentimento correto aos crentes não filósofos An original work of Averroes, the Fasl al-maqal is remarked by its controversial character. Composed as a juridical statement, one of its main goals is to analyze the role of philosophy in Islamic Law determining which attitude must be adopted by those aware of the works of Greek antiquity. Facing a problematic scenario in which the legitimacy of philosophy is putted in question, the diagnosis and solution proposed by Averroes emphasizes a unique interpretation of the Law guided by Philosophy devised as a required element to achieve community welfare. This article intends to analyze that interpretation in which three points arise about the relationship between philosophy and revelation: (1) the insurance of the individual possibility of religious assent; (2) the endurance of common welfare, both associated to (3) the possibility of assert the legitimacy of an interpreter able to assure the correct assent to common believers

{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5560","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5560,"authors_free":[{"id":6454,"entry_id":5560,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Arthur Klik","free_first_name":"Arthur ","free_last_name":"Klik","norm_person":null}],"entry_title":"Assentimento religioso e Filosofia no Fasl al-maqal de Averr\u00f3is","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"Religious assent and Philosophy in Averroes\u2019 Fasl al-maqal","main_title":{"title":"Assentimento religioso e Filosofia no Fasl al-maqal de Averr\u00f3is"},"abstract":"O Fasl al-maqal, umas das obras originais de Averr\u00f3is, se destaca por seu car\u00e1ter pol\u00eamico. Sendo redigida como um pronunciamento jur\u00eddico, tem como um de seus objetivos principais analisar o estatuto da filosofia em face da Lei isl\u00e2mica, ao verificar qual \u00e9 a atitude que deve ser adotada por todo aquele que travar contato com as obras da antiguidade grega. Em um cen\u00e1rio em que a legitimidade da filosofia se coloca em quest\u00e3o, o diagn\u00f3stico e a solu\u00e7\u00e3o propostos por Averr\u00f3is se destacam ao apresentar uma interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o singular da Lei ante a filosofia, concebendo a segunda como um elemento necess\u00e1rio para a sa\u00fade da comunidade. Este artigo pretende analisar essa interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o, na qual tr\u00eas pontos se colocam na considera\u00e7\u00e3o da rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre filosofia e revela\u00e7\u00e3o: o (1) \r\nasseguramento da possibilidade do assentimento religioso individual e (2) da manuten\u00e7\u00e3o do bem-estar geral junto \u00e0 (3) possibilidade de se afirmar a legitimidade de um int\u00e9rprete que garanta o assentimento correto aos crentes n\u00e3o fil\u00f3sofos \r\n\r\nAn original work of Averroes, the Fasl al-maqal is remarked by its controversial character. Composed as a juridical statement, one of its main goals is to analyze the role of philosophy in Islamic Law determining which attitude must be adopted by those aware of the works of Greek antiquity. Facing a problematic scenario in which the legitimacy of philosophy is putted in question, the diagnosis and solution proposed by Averroes emphasizes a unique interpretation of the Law guided by Philosophy devised as a required element to achieve community welfare. This article intends to analyze that interpretation in which three points arise about the relationship between philosophy and revelation: (1) the insurance of the individual possibility of religious assent; (2) the endurance of \r\ncommon welfare, both associated to (3) the possibility of assert the legitimacy of an interpreter able to assure the correct assent to common believers","btype":3,"date":"2021","language":"Portuguese","online_url":"","doi_url":"","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":26,"category_name":"Law","link":"bib?categories[]=Law"},{"id":39,"category_name":"Theology","link":"bib?categories[]=Theology"},{"id":47,"category_name":"Relation between Philosophy and Theology","link":"bib?categories[]=Relation between Philosophy and Theology"}],"authors":[],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5560,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"DoisPontos","volume":"18","issue":"1","pages":"113-132"}},"sort":["Assentimento religioso e Filosofia no Fasl al-maqal de Averr\u00f3is"]}

Averroes (1179): Massgebliche Abhandlung, 2018
By: Mario C. Wintersteiger
Title Averroes (1179): Massgebliche Abhandlung
Type Book Section
Language German
Date 2018
Published in Religionsphilosophie und Religionskritik. Ein Handbuch
Pages 95–102
Categories Politics, Theology, Law
Author(s) Mario C. Wintersteiger
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes (Ibn Rushd), 2009
By: Gerhard Endress
Title Averroes (Ibn Rushd)
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2009
Published in The History of Western Philosophy of Religion
Pages 121–136
Categories Biography, Law, Science
Author(s) Gerhard Endress
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Abū-l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn-Muḥammad ibn-Rushd, known in the Latin West under the Hispanicized name ‘Averroes’, was, like his ancestors, a jurist in Islamic Andalusia. He became Chief Judge of Cordoba and Seville, court physician to the Almohad princes of Morocco and Spain, counsellor and courtier in the orbit of power. He belonged to the three worlds of intellectual culture in his age: he was brought up in the world of the ʿulamā, learned exegetes and administrators of the Sharīʿa (the revealed law of Islam); he mastered the world of the rational sciences – applied in medicine and astronomy, and crowned by the universal wisdom of philosophy that was taken to lead the way to true wisdom and ultimate happiness; and he rose to high station in the world of court, where the Commander of the Faithful ruled as absolute king. He embodied the sum of intellectual excellence and active experience a person could gain in his time and place. The religious community, and the political conditions, of Muslim Spain underwent deep changes in Averroes' lifetime. His project – to give a rational foundation to the Muslim doctrine and in the long run to vindicate the work of philosophy as a rule of reason governing all of society – with its progress and its setbacks, was closely connected with the social condition, the spiritual outlook and the dialectic of power and authority in the Andalust.

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